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Symptoms of a blown head gasket can vary. Often, the coolant resivoir becomes pressurized less than a minute after a cold start. If so, do a compression test. If you cannot do that and want quick confirmation, put a container below the tailpipe and check the collected water for green color and coolant smell. Pull the plugs and use a good light to inspect the piston tops. Any cylinders exposed to coolant will be unusually clean and shiny.
Depending on the degree of overheating, the engine may need a head gasket, or it may be destroyed (bearings and cylinder walls). If you cannot replace the head gasket yourself and are in doubt about the condition of the engine, an oil analysis should tell you if the engine is worth the work.